Historia de la Inmunología en Cuba de 1850 hasta mediados del siglo XX / History of Immunology in Cuba from 1850 to half of XX century

La inmunología cubana, aunque no tuviera la identidad propia como especialidad, ha estado asociada a los más significativos avances y descubrimientos desde la etapa colonial con impacto tanto en el desarrollo social como humano del país y de otras naciones. El primer proceder inmunológico aplicado en Cuba fue el de la variolación, el 29 de diciembre de 1789. La primera administración exitosa de la vacuna contra la viruela en el país ocurrió en Santiago de Cuba el 12 de enero de 1804. El 11 de febrero de 1804 comenzó Tomás Romay la extensión gratuita de la inmunización en la isla. Desde Cuba se envió la vacuna de la viruela hacia México, Jamaica, Colombia, Venezuela y Estados Unidos. La Real Expedición Filantrópica de la Vacuna arribó al puerto capitalino el 26 de mayo de 1804. El 13 de julio de 1804 se fundó en La Habana la Junta Central de Vacunación. En estos hechos fundacionales de la inmunología criolla, con un sentido naciente y aún imperceptible de la nacionalidad, se asientan los pilares y referentes de la investigación biomédica cubana y de un sistema de salud orientado a servir a la población(AU)

Cuban immunology, although not yet with a defined identity as a medical specialty, has been associated with the most outstanding advances and discoveries since colonial times with impacts in the social and human development of the country as well as of other nations. The first immunological procedure administered in Cuba was that of variolation, on December 29, 1789. The first successful vaccination against smallpox carried out in the country took place in Santiago de Cuba on January 12, 1804. On February 11, 1804 Tomas Romay started the free extension of immunization in the island. From Cuba, the vaccine against smallpox was sent to Mexico, Jamaica, Colombia, Venezuela and the United States. The Royal Philanthropic Expedition of Vaccine arrived in Havana harbor on May 26, 1804. The Central Board of Vaccination was founded on July 13, 1804. On such founding events of the local immunology, with a growing but still imperceptible sense of nationality, the pillars and references for Cuban biomedical research are based, as well as for a health system oriented to serve the population(AU)

History of primary immunodeficiency diseases in Iran

Pediatric immunology came into sight in the second half of 20[th] century, when pediatricians and basic immunologists began to give attention to diagnosis and treatment of children with primary immunodeficiency diseases [PIDs]. Understanding the genetic and mechanistic basis of PIDs provides unique insight into the functioning of the immune system. By progress in basic and clinical immunology, many infrastructural organizations and academic centers have been established in many countries worldwide to focus on training and research on the immune system and related disorders. Along with progress in basic and clinical immunology in the world, pediatric immunology had a good progress in Iran during the last 33-year period. Now, patients with PIDs can benefit from multidisciplinary comprehensive care, which is provided by clinical immunologists in collaboration with other specialists. Patients with history of recurrent and/or chronic infections suggestive of PIDs are evaluated by standard and research-based testing and receive appropriate treatment. The progress in PIDs can be described in three periods. Development of training program for clinical fellowship in allergy and immunology, multidisciplinary and inter national collaborative projects, primary immunodeficiency diseases textbooks, meetings on immunodeficiency disorders, improvement in diagnosis and treatment, and construction of Iranian primary immunodeficiency association, Students' research group for immunodeficiencies, Iranian primary immunodeficiency registry, and the immunological societies and centers were the main activities on PIDs during these years. In this article, we review the growth of modern pediatric immunology and PIDs status in Iran

Cell biology, molecular embryology, Lamarckian and Darwinian selection as evolvability

The evolvability of vertebrate systems involves various mechanisms that eventually generate cooperative and nonlethal functional variation on which Darwinian selection can operate. It is a truism that to get vertebrate animals to develop a coherent machine they first had to inherit the right multicellular ontogeny. The ontogeny of a metazoan involves cell lineages that progressively deny their own capacity for increase and for totipotency in benefit of the collective interest of the individual. To achieve such cell altruism Darwinian dynamics rescinded its original unicellular mandate to reproduce. The distinction between heritability at the level of the cell lineage and at the level of the individual is crucial. However, its implications have seldom been explored in depth. While all out reproduction is the Darwinian measure of success among unicellular organisms, a high replication rate of cell lineages within the organism may be deleterious to the individual as a functional unit. If a harmoniously functioning unit is to evolve, mechanisms must have evolved whereby variants that increase their own replication rate by failing to accept their own somatic duties are controlled. For questions involving organelle origins, see Godelle and Reboud, 1995 and Hoekstra, 1990. In other words, modifiers of conflict that control cell lineages with conflicting genes and new mutant replication rates that deviate from their somatic duties had to evolve. Our thesis is that selection at the level of the (multicellular) individual must have opposed selection at the level of the cell lineage. The metazoan embryo is not immune to this conflict especially with the evolution of set-aside cells and other modes of self-policing modifiers (Blackstone and Ellison, 1998; Ransick et al., 1996. In fact, the conflict between the two selection processes permitted a Lamarckian soma-to-germline feedback loop. This new element in metazoan ontogeny became the evolvability of the vertebrate adaptive immune system and life as we know it now. We offer the hypothesis that metazoan evolution solved this ancient conflict by evolving an immunogenetic mechanism that responds with rapid Lamarckian efficiency by retaining the ancient reverse transcriptase enzyme (RNACopyright DNA copying discovered by Temin in 1959 (see Temin, 1989) and found in 1970 in RNA tumor viruses by Temin and Baltimore), which can produce cDNA from the genome of an RNA virus that infects the cells. It seems that molecular